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|image = Benazir Bhutto.jpg |office = 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan |president = Wasim Sajjad Farooq Leghari |term_start = 19 October 1993 |term_end = 5 November 1996 |predecessor = Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi |successor = Malik Meraj Khalid |president1 = Ghulam Ishaq Khan |term_start1 = 2 December 1988 |term_end1 = 6 August 1990 |predecessor1 = Muhammad Khan Junejo |successor1 = Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi |office2 = Leader of the Opposition |term_start2 = 17 February 1997 |term_end2 = 12 October 1999 |predecessor2 = Nawaz Sharif |successor2 = Fazal-ur-Rehman |term_start3 = 6 November 1990 |term_end3 = 18 April 1993 |predecessor3 = Khan Abdul Wali Khan |successor3 = Nawaz Sharif |office4 = Chairperson of the Pakistan Peoples Party |term_start4 = 12 November 1982 |term_end4 = 27 December 2007 |predecessor4 = Nusrat Bhutto |successor4 = Asif Ali Zardari Bilawal Bhutto Zardari |birth_date = |birth_place = Karachi, Pakistan |death_date = |death_place = Rawalpindi, Pakistan |spouse = Asif Ali Zardari |relations = Bhutto family Zardari family |children = Bilawal Bakhtawar Asifa |alma_mater = Harvard University Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford St Catherine's College, Oxford |religion = Islam |signature = Benazir Bhutto Signature.svg }} Benazir Bhutto (Urdu: بینظیر بھٹو; Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو; June 21, 1953 – 27 December 2007) was the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms in 1988–90 and then 1993–96. A scion of the politically powerful Bhutto family, she was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister himself who founded the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). In 1982, three years after her father's execution, 29-year-old Benazir Bhutto became the chairperson of the PPP—a political party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman to be elected as the head of an Islamic state's government; she also remains Pakistan's only female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority and political astuteness, Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the denationalisation of state-owned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. In 1993, Bhutto was elected for a second term after the 1993 parliamentary elections. She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995, and her hard line against the trade unions and tough rhetorical opposition to her domestic political rivals and to neighbouring India earned her the nickname "Iron Lady"; she was also respectfully referred to as "BB". In 1996, charges of corruption levelled against her led to the final dismissal of her government by President Farooq Leghari. Bhutto conceded her defeat in the 1997 Parliamentary elections and went into exile in Dubai in 1999. Nine years later, in 2007, she returned to Pakistan, having reached an understanding with President Pervez Musharraf, who granted her amnesty and withdrew all corruption charges against her. Bhutto was assassinated in a bombing on 27 December 2007, after leaving PPP's last rally in Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled 2008 general election in which she was the leading candidate. Her party subsequently won the elections on a wave of sympathy generated by her assassination. ==Early life, 1953–77== Benazir Bhutto was born at Karachi's Pinto Hospital on 21 June 1953.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Benazir Bhutto by Katherine M. Doherty and Craig A. Doherty )〕 She was the eldest child of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, of Sindhi Rajput ethnicity,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto )〕 and Begum Nusrat Ispahani, of Iranian Kurdish descent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Benazir Bhutto "My mother's Kurdish culture" )〕〔(Begum Nusrat Bhutto ) Background〕〔(Begum Nusrats Biography ) Bhutto.org〕 She had three younger siblings—Murtaza, Shahnawaz and Sanam. According to Benazir her mother's Kurdish culture played a big role in her becoming the Prime Minister.〔 Bhutto was raised to speak both English and Urdu, the former being her first language. While she was fluent in Urdu, it was often colloquial rather than formal. In her autobiography 'Daughter of the East', Bhutto also makes reference to her use of the Sindhi language, joking about her misunderstanding of the "Mohenjo-daro". According to various interviews given by former servants of her household, she and her father would speak to them in their native Sindhi. She attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School and Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Story of Pakistan – Benazir Bhutto )〕 After two years at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examinations aged 15. She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School. After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. From 1969 to 1973 she attended Radcliffe College at Harvard University, where she obtained a BA with ''cum laude'' honours in comparative government.〔(Encyclopædia Britannica entry ) via about.com〕 She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa.〔 Bhutto later called her time at Harvard "four of the happiest years of my life" and said it formed "the very basis of her belief in democracy". Later in 1995 as Prime Minister, she arranged a gift from the Pakistani government to Harvard Law School.〔(Classmates at Harvard recall a shy girl, 'Pinkie' ) 28 December 2007〕 The next phase of her education happened in Britain. Between 1973 and 1977 Bhutto studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where she took additional courses in International Law and Diplomacy. After LMH she attended St Catherine's College, Oxford and in December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society.〔 Her undergraduate career was dogged by controversy, partly relating to her father's unpopularity with student politicians. On 18 December 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The couple had three children: two daughters, Bakhtawar and Asifa, and a son, Bilawal. When she gave birth to Bakhtawar in 1990, she became the first modern head of government to give birth while in office. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Benazir Bhutto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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